POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA TO GRANT PARDON :

 

POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA TO GRANT PARDON :  

PLEASE NOTE : IT IS ONLY FOR CANDIDATES WHO ARE PREPARING FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINAITONS.

FOR ANY CLARIFICATION PLEASE REFER TO ANY PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOK

According to Article 72 of the Constitution of India, the President of India has power to grant pardon to persons : - 

1)Who have been convicted for a crime by the court of law  or 

2)Who have been convicted by the Military Courts (Court Martial)  or 

3)Who have been convicted of a death sentence

The power of President of India to grant pardon includes the following :- 

1)Pardon

2)Commutation

3)Remission

4)Respite

5) Reprieve 

1)Pardon : The grant of pardon removes both the sentence and the conviction and bsolves the convict from all disqualifications and punishments. It has the effect as if the convict has not committed any crime at all. 

2) Commutation : Under Commutation, one form of punishment is substituted by another punishment of a lighter character. 

For example, the punishment of death may be substituted by the rigorous punishment  or the rigorous punishment may be substituted by the simple punishment.

Thus, the commutation changes like character of the punishment but like pardon, it does not remove conviction at all.  . 

3)Remission : Remission has the effect of reducing the punishment without changing its character . 

For example, the rigorous punishment of two years may be reduced to rigorous punishment of one year. But it will always remain a rigorous punishment because its character cannot be changed by the remission.  

4)Respite: Respite means awarding a lesser punishment in place of the given punishment due to some special fact. 

For example,  a  person with disabilities  (PwD) may be given lesser punishment in place of rigorous punishment due to his special physical condition. 

5) Reprieve: Reprieve has the effect of staying the execution of a punishment for the time being in order to allow the time for disposing the pending application for pardon, commutation etc 

This is a temporary concession given to the convict from immediate execution of a sentence. 

Sl.No.	Type of pardoning	For easy understanding , what is the effect?
1	Pardon	The convict will be totally free
2	Commutation	Punishment may be substituted from rigorous to simple
3	Remission	Punishment period  may be reduced  but its character cannot be changed
4	Respite	Lesser punishment because of the person’s physical disabilities etc.
5	Reprieve	It is the  staying of execution of punishment.  It is a  temporary concession

QUESTIONS IN GS PAPER CS (MAINS) EXAM, 2025 DT. 23.8.2025

 QUESTIONS IN GS PAPER CS (MAINS) EXAM, 2025  DT. 23.8.2025 

1. Discuss the salient features of the Harappan architecture. (Answer in 150 words) 10
2. Examine the main aspects of Akbar’s religious syncretism. (Answer in 150 words) 10
3. ‘The sculptors filled the Chandella artform with resilient vigor and breadth of life.’ Elucidate. (Answer in 150 words) 10
4. How are climate change and the sea level rise affecting the very existence of many island nations? Discuss with examples. (Answer in 150 words) 10
5. What are non-farm primary activities? How are these activities related to physiographic features in India? Discuss with suitable examples. (Answer in 150 words) 10
6. Explain briefly the ecological and economic benefits of solar energy generation in India with suitable examples. (Answer in 150 words) 10
7. What are Tsunamis? How and where are they formed? What are their consequences? Explain with examples. (Answer in 150 words) 10
8. How does smart city in India, address the issues of urban poverty and distributive justice? (Answer in 150 words) 10
9. The ethos of civil service in India stand for the combination of professionalism with nationalistic consciousness – Elucidate. (Answer in 150 words) 10
10. Do you think that globalization results in only an aggressive consumer culture? Justify your answer. (Answer in 150 words) 10
11. Mahatma Jotirao Phule’s writings and efforts of social reforms touched issues of almost all subaltern classes. Discuss. (Answer in 250 words) 15
12. Trace India’s consolidation process during early phase of independence in terms of polity, economy, education and international relations. (Answer in 250 words) 15
13. The French Revolution has enduring relevance to the contemporary world. Explain. (Answer in 250 words) 15
14. Give a geographical explanation of the distribution of off-shore oil reserves of the world. How are they different from the on-shore occurrences of oil reserves? (Answer in 250 words) 15
15. How can Artificial Intelligence (AI) and drones be effectively used along with GIS and RS techniques in locational and areal planning? (Answer in 250 words) 15
16. Discuss how the changes in shape and sizes of continents and ocean basins of the planet take place due to tectonic movements of the crustal masses. (Answer in 250 words) 15
17. Discuss the distribution and density of population in the Ganga River Basin with special reference to land, soil and water resources. (Answer in 250 words) 15
18. How do you account for the growing fast food industries given that there are increased health concerns in modern society? Illustrate your answer with the Indian experience. (Answer in 250 words) 15
19. Achieving sustainable growth with emphasis on environmental protection could come into conflict with poor people’s needs in a country like India – Comment. (Answer in 250 words) 15
20. Does tribal development in India centre around two axes, those of displacement and of rehabilitation? Give your opinion. (Answer in 250 words) 15

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Questions in GS Paper CS (Mains) Exam. 2025 Dt. 23.8.2025

 Questions in GS Paper CS (Mains) Exam. 2025 Dt. 23.8.2025 

1. Discuss the ‘corrupt practices’ for the purpose of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Analyze whether the increase in the assets of the legislators and/or their associates, disproportionate to their known sources of income, would constitute ‘undue influence’ and consequently a corrupt practice.
   (Answer in 150 words) 10
2. Comment on the need of administrative tribunals as compared to the court system. Assess the impact of the recent tribunal reforms through rationalization of tribunals made in 2021.
   (Answer in 150 words) 10
3. Compare and contrast the President’s power to pardon in India and in the USA. Are there any limits to it in both the countries? What are ‘preemptive pardons’?
   (Answer in 150 words) 10
4. Discuss the nature of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly after the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019. Briefly describe the powers and functions of the Assembly of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
   (Answer in 150 words) 10
5. “The Attorney General of India plays a crucial role in guiding the legal framework of the Union Government and ensuring sound governance through legal counsel.” Discuss his responsibilities, rights and limitations in this regard.
   (Answer in 150 words) 10
6. Women’s social capital complements in advancing empowerment and gender equity. Explain.
   (Answer in 150 words) 10
7. e-governance projects have a built-in bias towards technology and back-end integration than user-centric designs. Examine.
   (Answer in 150 words) 10
8. Civil Society Organizations are often perceived as being anti-State actors than non-State actors. Do you agree? Justify.
   (Answer in 150 words) 10
9. India-Africa digital partnership is achieving mutual respect, co-development and long-term institutional partnerships. Elaborate.
   (Answer in 150 words) 10
10. “With the waning of globalization, post-Cold War world is becoming a site of sovereign nationalism.” Elucidate.
    (Answer in 150 words) 10
11. “Constitutional morality is the fulcrum which acts as an essential check upon the high functionaries and citizens alike…”
    In view of the above observation of the Supreme Court, explain the concept of constitutional morality and its application to ensure balance between judicial independence and judicial accountability in India.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15
12. Indian Constitution has conferred the amending power on the ordinary legislative institutions with a few procedural hurdles. In view of this statement, examine the procedural and substantive limitations on the amending power of the Parliament to change the Constitution.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15
13. Discuss the evolution of collegium system in India. Critically examine the advantages and disadvantages of the system of appointment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India and that of the USA.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15
14. Examine the evolving pattern of Centre-State financial relations in the context of planned development in India. How far have the recent reforms impacted the fiscal federalism in India?
    (Answer in 250 words) 15
15. What are environmental pressure groups? Discuss their role in raising awareness, influencing policies and advocating for environmental protection in India.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15
16. Inequality in the ownership pattern of resources is one of the major causes of poverty. Discuss in the context of ‘paradox of poverty’.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15
17. “In contemporary development models, decision-making and problem-solving responsibilities are not located close to the source of information and execution defeating the objectives of development.” Critically evaluate.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15
18. The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights has to address the challenges faced by children in the digital era. Examine the existing policies and suggest measures the Commission can initiate to tackle the issue.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15
19. “Energy security constitutes the dominant kingpin of India’s foreign policy, and is linked with India’s overarching influence in Middle Eastern countries.” How would you integrate energy security with India’s foreign policy trajectories in the coming years?
    (Answer in 250 words) 15
20. “The reform process in the United Nations remains unresolved, because of the delicate imbalance of East and West and entanglement of the USA vs. Russo-Chinese alliance.” Examine and critically evaluate the East-West policy confrontations in this regard.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15

Questions and answers on Election of Vice - President of India : (August,2025)

 

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON THE ELECTION OF VICE-PRESIDENT OF INDIA  

PLEASE NOTE : IT IS ONLY FOR CANDIDATES WHO ARE PREPARING FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINAITONS. FOR ANY CLARIFICATION REFER TO ANY PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOK

Question: 

1)What is the period of tenure of Vice President of India ?

Ans: Under the provisions of Article 67 of the Constitution of India, the Vice-President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he/she enters upon his/her office. 

2)When Election to the post of Vice President of India to be conducted ?

Ans : Further, as per the provisions of Article 68(2) of the Constitution, an election to fill a vacancy in the office of the Vice-President occurring by reason of his/her death, resignation or removal or otherwise, shall be held as soon as possible after the occurrence of the vacancy, and the person elected to fill the vacancy shall, subject to the provisions of Article 67, be entitled to hold office for the full term of five years from the date on which he/she enters upon his/her office. 

3) Who elects Vice - President of India ? Who are members in Electoral College for Vice-President of India ? 

Ans :Under the provisions of Article 66(1) of the Constitution of India, the VicePresident shall be elected by the members of Electoral College consisting of the Members of both Houses of Parliament. 

That is to say, at the election to the office of the Vice-President of India, the 12 nominated members of Rajya Sabha are also eligible to be included in the Electoral College along with the elected members of both the said Houses. 

4)Whether 12 nominated members of Rajya Sabha can participate in the election of Vice - President of India ?

Ans : That is to say, at the election to the office of the Vice-President of India, the 12 nominated members of Rajya Sabha are also eligible to be included in the Electoral College along with the elected members of both the said Houses.

5)The  list of members of the above referred Electoral College includes which of the following ?

  The list will contain the names of 

(a) elected members of Rajya Sabha, 

(b) the nominated members of Rajya Sabha and 

(c) the elected members of Lok Sabha, in that order

(d)All the above 

Ans : d 

6) Who cannot vote in the election of Vice-President of India ?

Ans : A Member whose election has been set aside by High Court in an Election Petition, but is continuing by virtue of an interim order of the High Court itself or of the Supreme Court of India granting limited stay of operation of the order of setting aside of his election by the Court (i.e. allowing the member to mark his attendance but not allowing him to participate/vote in the Proceeding of the House), is not entitled to vote at the election, though his name may have been included in the electoral college

7)How will the election to Vice - President of India will be conducted ?

Ans : Under Section 4 (1) of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952, the Election Commission shall notify the election schedule in the official Gazette

8)Who is eligible to get elected as Vice-President of India ?

Ans : 

1)No person shall be eligible for election as Vice-President unless he:

 a) is a citizen of India;

 b) has completed the age of 35 years; and 

c) is qualified for election as a member of the Council of States [Article 66(3)]. 

2). A person shall not be eligible for election as Vice-President if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any Local or other Authority subject to the control of any of said Governments [Article 66(4)]. 

3). However, a person shall not be deemed to hold any office of profit by reason only that he is the President or Vice-President of the Union or the Governor of any State or is a Minister either for the Union or for any State.

 4). Detailed provisions regarding the election are contained in the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952 (No. 31 of 1952) and the Rules made thereunder, viz., the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Rules, 1974

Ans : All the above 

9) How many electors should propose and how many electors should be seconders for Vice-President of India nomination ? 

Ans : A prospective Vice-Presidential candidate should get his nomination paper subscribed to by at least 20 electors as proposers and at least another 20 electors as seconders.

10) Along with nomination paper which should be accompanied for Vice-President of India election ? 

Ans : Each nomination paper shall be accompanied by a certified copy of the entry relating to the candidate in the current electoral roll for the Parliamentary Constituency where he is registered as an elector

11) How much amount should be deposited as security for Vice President election in 2025 ? 

Ans : A prospective candidate should deposit a sum of Rupees 15,000/- as security, either in cash with the Returning Officer or enclose a receipt with the nomination paper showing that the said sum of Rupees 15000/- has been deposited by him or on his behalf in the Reserve Bank of India or in a government treasury. No payment can be made by cheque or in any other manner. 

12)To get amount deposited to be refunded, what is the condition for Vice President election ?

Ans : The amount is liable to be forfeited, if at the election where the poll has been taken the candidate is not elected and the number of valid votes polled by such candidate does not exceed one-sixth of the votes necessary to secure the return of a candidate at such election. 

13) What is the system of election / method of voting for Vice President  ? 

Ans : The election to the office of the Vice-President shall be held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting at such election shall be by secret ballot.  

14) What is the value of each vote for Vice President election  ?

Ans :  For the Vice-Presidential Election, the value of vote of each Member of Parliament is ONE.

15)
What is system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote ?

Ans : 

1)The manner of voting at Vice-Presidential Election is contained in Rule 17 of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Rules, 1974. 

2)The ballot paper shall contain the names of the contesting candidates, but does not contain any election symbol. There will be two columns in the ballot paper. Column 1 of the ballot paper contains the heading “Name of Candidate”, and Column 2 contains the heading “Mark order of preference”

3)Each elector shall have, as many preferences as there are candidates, but no

ballot paper shall be considered invalid solely on the ground that all such preferences

are not marked, provided the first preference is validly marked

4)An elector in giving his vote shall place the figure”1” in the space opposite the name of the candidate whom he chooses for his first preference and may, in addition, mark as many subsequent preferences, as he wishes, by placing on his ballot paper the figures 2, 3, 4 and so on in the spaces opposite the names of other candidates, in order of preference. The figures may be marked in the international form of Indian numerals or in the Roman form or in the form used in any Indian language BUT SHALL NOT BE INDICATED IN WORDS

Ans : All the above 

16) Who has jurisdiction to settle the dispute about the election result of Vice President of India  ? 

Ans : The authority having jurisdiction to try such election petition, is the Supreme Court of India.

WHAT ARE STRIPS ?

 WHAT ARE STRIPS ?

 STRIPS : Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (STRIPS),

• STRIPS involve splitting a standard coupon-bearing government bond into its individual cash flows—each interest payment and the principal repayment.
• These separated components are then traded as zero-coupon instruments.
• For instance, a 10-year State Government bond with annual interest payments can be stripped into 11 components (10 interest payments + 1 principal repayment).
• Each component is a zero-coupon bond with a defined maturity and is traded separately in the market.

What are the Oojectives of the Climate Finance Taxonomy ? What is Greenwashing in this context ?

 

Quiestin : What are the Objectives of the Climate Finance Taxonomy ?

Ans : 

The climate finance taxonomy is a tool to identify activities consistent with India’s climate action goals and transition pathway. 

The objective is to facilitate greater resource flow to climate-friendly technologies and activities, enabling achievement of the country’s vision to be Net Zero by 2070 while also ensuring long-term access to reliable and affordable energy. 

The taxonomy should also prevent "greenwashing". The taxonomy shall be consistent with the developmental goal of ‘Viksit Bharat’ to be achieved by 2047. 

Specifically, the taxonomy will cover technologies, measures, projects and activities that are aligned to:- 

a) Mitigation- which includes improvements in energy efficiency or reduction in emission intensity, and avoidance of GHG emissions including through the expansion of non-fossil fuel energy, etc.,

 b) Adaptation- action that enhances resilience, including sustainable water management, ecosystem protection and restoration, and geography-specific adaptation measures to lower the negative impacts of climate change. 

c) Support transition of hard-to-abate sectors- Transition activities in line with the specific pathway for hard-to-abate industries, innovation and R&D facilitate low carbon pathways considering the available technology, its access and viability

What is Greenwashing in this context ?

Ans : 

Greenwashing in the context of the Climate Finance Taxonomy refers to misrepresentation of activities as being climate-aligned, either intentional or due to gross negligence

WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF BHASHINI ? (BHASHa INterface for India ) (Translation Mission )

 WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF BHASHINI ?

ANS : 

• Long-term strategy for developing sustainable Indian language technology, solutions and ecosystem technology.
• Adoption of Indian language technology, solutions for easier access to the internet.
• Growth of Indian language content & Technology over Internet.
• Harness economies of scale in Indian language technologies, solutions, applications data sets and (AI) models.
• Enable cutting-edge research in IL technologies evolutionary and revolutionary technologies.
• Promote and facilitate indigenous intellectual property (IP) generation.
• Encourage, enable and incentivize the Transfer of Technologies (ToT).
• Enable collaborations and partnership programs with national and international agencies.
• Catalysing collaborative research, commercialization awareness, and capacity building.
• To adopt and implement the data policy for the Mission

Introduction :-

BHASHINI, or the BHASHa INterface for India, is a pathbreaking initiative aimed at democratizing access to digital content and services across India’s linguistic spectrum. 

It aligns with the objectives of the Digital India program by fostering inclusivity and accessibility. As a National Language Translation Mission (NLTM), BHASHINI uses cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) technologies to bridge the language divide, enabling users to access content and services in their preferred language. 

BHASHINI (Translation Mission) is implemented by Digital India BHASHINI Division, a division under Digital India Corporation, a Section 8 Company of Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology

USES OF BHASHINI :-

• 1)Anuvaad (Web Service Text Translation): An innovative technology that seamlessly converts text from one language to another language.
• 
  
• 2)Chitraanuvaad (Video Translation): Chitraanuvaad is an AI-based open-source platform to perform video translation for various Bhartiya languages.
• 
  
• 3)Lekhaanuvaad (Document Translation): Document translation and digitization across various Bhartiya languages, ensuring clear and accurate communication.
• 
  
• 4)Bhashini Translation Plugin (Web Translation Plugin): Effortlessly translate webpage content across multiple Indic languages with our powerful plugin.
• 
  
• 5)Bhashini WTMC (Web Translation Management Console): Advanced AI-powered website translation plugin, translating content between English and 22 Bhartiya languages.
• Vaanianuvaad (Speech-to-Speech translation): Real-time speech-to-speech translation for Bhartiya languages, facilitating seamless communication across different language

WELFARE EFFICIENCY INDEX

  WELFARE EFFICIENCY INDEX (WEI)

 As part of the methodology for assessing the impact of the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) system, the Welfare Efficiency Index (WEI) was developed as a composite metric to measure efficiency gains across various dimensions. The WEI comprises three weighted components:

1)DBT Savings (50% weight): This component captures the direct reduction in leakage, normalised against the maximum observed savings of ₹3.48 lakh crore

2) Subsidy Reduction (30% weight): Measures the decline in subsidy expenditure as a percentage of the total national budget.

3)Beneficiary Growth (20% weight): Assesses the expansion in the number of beneficiaries, adjusted for population growth.

The rise in the WEI from 0.32 in 2014 to 0.91 in 2023 quantifies systemic improvements, emphasising that efficiency gains stem from multi-dimensional factors—not merely budget cuts. This index provides a replicable model for global policymakers to evaluate welfare reforms.

The WEI surged, driven by:

• DBT Savings (50% weight): ₹3.48 lakh crore cumulative leakage reduction.
• Subsidy Reduction (30% weight): A decline from 16% to 9% of total expenditure.
• Beneficiary Growth (20% weight): A 16-fold expansion in coverage.

What is drought ? What are the challenges posed by floods ?

 

What is drought ? 

Ans :

Drought is a temporary reduction in water or  moisture availability significantly below normal levels for a specific period.

 It is a climatic anomaly caused by sub-normal rainfall, erratic distribution, higher water demands, or a combination of these factors. 

Droughts are extreme hydrologic events that result in acute water shortages, persisting long enough to adversely impact humans, vegetation, animals and ecosystems across large areas. 

Meteorologists define drought as the absence of rainfall, while agriculturists view it as insufficient soil moisture in the crop root zone to sustain growth and productivity.

Drought is broadly categorized into  types based on its criteria and effects:- 

(i) meteorological, 

(ii)hydrological,

(iii) agricultural and 

(iv) socio-economic

Rainfed areas, particularly drylands, are more vulnerable to drought. 

In recent decades, monsoon patterns have become increasingly unpredictable, causing previously unaffected regions to experience mild to severe drought conditions.

 For crops and vegetation, drought induces moisture stress when evapotranspiration exceeds soil moisture availability. 

In India, agricultural drought occurs when annual rainfall falls below 50–75% of the normal southwest monsoon rains. 

Delayed monsoon onset, early withdrawal, or prolonged dry spells between heavy rains are common triggers of drought in Indian agriculture.

How droughts affect ?

Ans : 

1)Crop Yields: Insufficient water during critical crop growth phases reduces agricultural productivity threatening food security and causing significant economic losses for farmers

2)Livelihoods: Persistent droughts lead to reduced income for farmers, pushing them into debt and forcing rural families to migrate for survival.

3)Livestock: Scarce fodder and water during droughts weaken livestock health, lowering their productivity and adding to rural economic challenges.

4)Water Resources: Over-reliance on groundwater during droughts depletes aquifers, creating long-term water scarcity and unsustainable agricultural practices.

WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES POSED BY FLOODS ? 

Ans: 

Floods, often caused by excessive rainfall or overflowing rivers, pose immediate and long-term challenges:-

1)Crop Destruction: Floodwaters submerge standing crops, causing complete agricultural losses and devastating rural farming communities.

2)Soil Degradation: Nutrient-rich topsoil is eroded by floods, reducing fertility and making land less productive for future cultivation.

3)Infrastructure Damage: Floods destroy essential rural infrastructure, including irrigation systems, storage facilities and roads, disrupting the agricultural supply chain.

4)Health Hazards: Stagnant floodwater creates breeding grounds for diseases, threatening the health and well-being of rural populations.

How spatial data and satellite technology helps Panchayati Raj Institutuions ?

 

How spatial data and satellite technology helps Panchayati Raj Institutions ? 

Ans : 

Through the 73rd and 74th Amendments of the Constitution of India, Panchayati Raj Institutions have got greater autonomy in their rights and jurisdiction.

This initiative has been launched with the aim of making Panchayati Raj Institutions more efficient and effective so that they can make better decisions at the local level by using spatial data and satellite technology and bring transparency in governance.

Navigation Signal System (NavIC), which is an Indian satellite-based navigation system, will also be used to provide location based services to Gram Panchayats.

Through this, information about the correct location and necessary data for local development plans will be available in an accurate and timely manner.

 Through Bhuvan-Panchayat Geoportal, state governments and panchayats will be empowered and will get an opportunity to effectively implement government schemes and development works under Digital India. The  platform will reach around 2.56 lakh Gram Panchayats, providing the technology and information required to improve the quality of life in rural areas. This initiative is streamlining the implementation, monitoring and resource management of schemes by Panchayat Raj Institutions using satellite technology and digital information to create holistic and sustainable strategies for rural development. 

This initiative is an important step under the Digital India programme of the Government of India, which will technologically empower rural India and ensure its holistic development

These geospatial platforms and projects developed by ISRO have given a new direction to Indian rural resource management, planning and disaster response mechanisms.

These initiatives aim to promote transparency, resource management, and sustainable development, thereby enabling empowerment and sustainable development in rural areas. Through Bhuvan Panchayat, Gram Panchayats can now implement more scientific and data-supported schemes, while NDEM helps in making quick and effective decisions in disaster management. 

ISRO’s role in DILRMP has improved digitization and transparency of land records, leading to better services to Indian rural society. ISRO has made significant contributions to resource management, governance and disaster response for rural areas of India, which will ensure more empowered, transparent and sustainable rural development in future

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF DIGITASATION OF LAND RECORDS ?

 

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF DIGITISTION OF LAND RECORDS ? 

Ans : 

ISRO’s satellite technology and remote sensing data play a vital role in digitization of land records, ensuring accurate survey of land, geo-referencing and transparency, and helping resolve land disputes.

The Government of India has initiated the process of digitization of land records in 6.26 lakh villages, which is an important milestone in the efforts to make land ownership secure, transparent and accessible. 

This digitization aims to improve the land management system and solve various land related problems.

Importance of Digitization of Land Records:-

1)Land Disputes: More than 60% of litigation in India is related to land. Digitization can reduce these disputes

2)Encroachment and Benami Properties: Digitization of land records will help in controlling encroachment and benami properties.

3)Inefficiency of manual processes: Digitization of land records will eliminate manual processes, thereby increasing efficiency.

4)Precise survey and planning: Transparency is being brought in land records through geospatial mapping, which will ensure equitable access to vulnerable sections

5)Boosting agricultural credit: Clear ownership of land will ease the supply of agricultural credit, giving farmers access to capital.

6)Other benefits: Better targeted delivery of agricultural subsidies, timely compensation for land acquisition or disasters, and increased GDP.